Health PSAs: What Does The Future Hold?
Roundtable Discussion on the Role and Efficacy of PSAs
Increasingly PSAs are being used to educate the public about a wide
variety of health issues, ranging from
AIDS to smoking. To discuss the
role and future of health-related public service advertising messages,
forty-one health communications practitioners from the federal government
and private sector met on the
campus of the National Institutes of Health.
Following is a summary of the one-day meeting at which attendees discussed
the current PSA environment,
new proposals for paid airtime and a look
at future options for health communicators.
Current PSA Environment
Because of increased influx of PSAs and market forces combined with fewer
federal regulations ruling broadcasters' programming decisions, PSA time should
be declining. Studies differ in their findings on the amount of air time available.
- In the 1970s, the Federal Communications Commission began abolishing
the regulations aimed at providing an adequate amount of public interest
programming. The Commission now requires only a "general obligation"
that broadcasters address issues of concern to their communities.
- The FCC also eliminated the rule which limited broadcasters to 16 minutes
of commercials per hour. They are now free to air any number of minutes
of commercials.
- Although never strongly enforced, the Fairness Doctrine, until its
death in 1987, required broadcasters to devote a reasonable amount of broadcast
time to coverage of important controversial public issues, including contrasting
points of view. This doctrine was responsible for the anti-smoking advertising
campaigns in the late 1960s. In contrast, economic forces now determine
if stations will run PSAs.
- Statistics indicate that the volume of PSAs sent to TV stations is
increasing. Between 1979 and 1985, the number of PSAs sent to the three
major networks increased by 40%. CBS alone received over 5,500 storyboards
in 1988.
- The number of commercial TV stations airing PSAs is increasing,
particularly with the expanding cable and UHF markets. Even though there
are fewer PSAs running on each station, there are a greater number of stations
on which to get airtime.
- AIDS, National Cancer Institute, and National Heart, Lung and Blood
Institute data from Broadcast Advertisers' Reports indicate a stable, perhaps
increasing market in terms of number of spots played. NHBLI reports a steep
drop in monthly spots after the initial three month blip for each campaign.
Media Gatekeepers' Interests
Participants shared methods they've used to generate interest in their PSAs.
- A statewide survey of media gatekeepers in Texas showed there was little
correlation between what the gatekeeper considered to be an important health
problem and the actual magnitude of the health problem on society. We can't
assume media people place the same priorities on health messages that we
do. Creative education is needed to make an issue appear an important health
problem.
- When asked why they do not use broadcasting materials:
-43% of media outlets responded they are inappropriate for station format
(wrong tone, wrong kind of presentation for the medium)
-28% have no room for the materials
-18% reported they are uninteresting
-6% replied they are not current.
- A majority of respondents said the quality of the materials in the
appropriate format is very important. Surveys indicate that media people
do share a commitment to campaigns aimed at improving the public health.
The most important factor in determining whether a campaign is aired is the
credibility of the source.
How is the Campaign Measured?
When the public and private sectors join together to launch a public
education campaign, they have the option of buying broadcast air time and
quantitatively measuring success through product sales. Since most government agencies are precluded
from buying airtime, indicators of PSA effectiveness need to be defined
and improved.
- Most public health service agencies track Nielsen data, bounceback cards
and response to call-ins or write-ins. However, many stations do not take the time to return bounceback cards.
- Most public health agencies supplement these sources with other indicators
of PSA usage, such as public requests for information mentioned in PSA
materials and website visits.
- Few campaigns have been examined to determine effectiveness over time,
with most evaluations focusing upon a specific PSA.
What Factors Contribute to Greater PSA Use?
Participants who had successfully launched PSA campaigns shared their
experiences and specific tips on getting the attention of public service
directors. Their findings included:
- Stations prefer one health issue per tape and locally tagged spots.
Personal delivery has an impact and may increase the chance of play. Visiting
stations directly is difficult, but well worth it.
- Photoboards are a must for TV, since station public service directors
have little time to view tapes.
- If a spot has a tag encouraging the public to write for a free booklet,"
be sure to have an adequate supply of the booklets to fulfill requests. (Write-in booklets
are also useful in evaluation, with one airing of a PSA generating 18,000
requests for the free booklet).
- The main criteria for playing a spot is local impact. The more localized
the health problem, the better.
- Quality execution is crucial.
- Stations do seek out opportunities for community service (health screenings,
health fairs, fund raisers, special call-in shows.)
- Tying a campaign in with another medium is often very effective, (i.e.
healthy heart newspaper quiz) in getting the message to the intended audience.
A tie-in with a news event also may increase play.
- The use of premiums, hooks, lunch, plaques, awards and other incentives
(formal recognition, follow-up letters of appreciation) can be instrumental
in building a relationship with the public service director.
- Consider networks as marketing targets and the public service directors
as target audiences. Investigate issues/pressures the public service director
faces from "upstairs."
Recommendations for Future Action
- Continue to share information among organizations that produce and
distribute PSAs.
- Continue to document the PSA environment, i.e. understanding gatekeepers;
develop better methods of monitoring; study the impact of buying air time
on PSAs.
- Share information and concerns with media through their trade and professional
organizations.
- Establish criteria to answer: when is a campaign successful; what are
the priority messages, and what should trigger purchase of media time?
- Form and foster public debate at the federal, state and local levels
by using opinion polls to bolster positions, or earmarking a proportion
of excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol such as the state of Minnesota has
done, to support public education campaigns.
- Systematize activities for meetings such as this one - build larger
audiences and look for additional sources of money to fund activities.
Consider forming a "Public Service Council" to monitor government
public service interests.
- Look ahead - seek out new mass media channels for messages such as
place-based media (physician's offices), national cable networks, and the internet.
(Updated 9.4.16)
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